Rare-earth miners, critical-mineral processors, and alternative-source developers challenging China's export-control dominance — China Northern Rare Earth (600111.SS) as the global production benchmark, ex-China NdPr and heavy-REE producers and developers (Lynas, Iluka, Arafura, Northern Minerals, American Rare Earths, Pensana, Aclara), US mine-to-magnet verticals (MP Materials, USAR, ALOY), early-stage exploration (Critical Metals in Greenland, Ucore, NioCorp), and uranium/REE co-processing (Energy Fuels).