Rare-earth miners, critical-mineral processors, and alternative-source developers challenging China's export-control dominance — spanning the world's largest ex-China NdPr producer (Lynas/LYC.AX), Australia's first heavy-REE refinery buildout (Iluka/ILU.AX), US-focused mine-to-magnet projects (MP Materials, USAR, ALOY), uranium/REE co-processing (Energy Fuels), and deep-sea polymetallic nodule development (TMC).