Switch ASICs, PCIe/CXL smart retimers, SerDes chiplets, active electrical cable DSPs, and optical-electrical bridge chipsets forming the high-bandwidth interconnect layer of AI training clusters — spanning custom switch silicon (AVGO Tomahawk/Jericho, MRVL Prestera/Kinetic, NVDA Spectrum), AI fabric system OEMs (ANET, CSCO), PCIe/CXL smart retimers and active copper cable ICs (ALAB, Parade/4966, MCHP Switchtec), next-gen SerDes chiplets and AEC DSPs (CRDO, AWE Alphawave), PAM4 optical bridge chips and transceiver DSPs (MXL, COHR), signal-integrity ICs for 100G-800G optical links (SMTC), memory/CXL interconnect silicon and IP (RMBS, 688008.SS Montage), and custom AI/networking ASIC design services (3661 Alchip).